6 research outputs found
Π€Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ½Π΅
Up to 2025 operations at the network of the Northern Railway (a subsidiary of JSC Russian Railways) may increase according to forecasts by 28,4 %, which is associated with construction of the Northern latitudinal railway. At the same time, a significant part of the Northern Railway is characterized by difficult climatic conditions: permafrost, polygonal-vein ice, peat bog areas, sharp temperature drops, significant amounts of precipitation in the form of snow. In the context of the planned increase in cargo intensity, the diagnostics of the roadbed in the zone of distribution of soils with weak bearing capacity against the backdrop of global climate change is of key character. The article is devoted to survey of the roadbed located in the permafrost zone. The results of diagnostics of the state of the railway track make it possible to forecast the state of railway infrastructure facilities, to categorize subsidence of the roadbed according to the degree of danger, and to develop measures for its stabilization. The objective of the work is to study the factors affecting degradation of the roadbed located in the permafrost zone. The methods of the work are based on field examinations of Β«sickΒ» places of the roadbed and statistical forms of analysis of longitudinal profile deformations (subsidence) of the track. The result of this work is the study of influence of a number of factors on dev elopment of deformations of the roadbed located in the permafrost zone. In the future, it is planned, based on the results of diagnostics of the state of the railway track, to forecast the permafrost state of railway infrastructure facilities, to categorize subsidence of the roadbed according to the degree of danger, and to develop measures to stabilize it.Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ 2025 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° 28,4 %, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ: Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ·Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ, Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ½Π΅Π³Π°. Π ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π° Π² Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ. Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ½Π΅. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ½Π΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Β«Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Β» ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ (ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ) ΠΏΡΡΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ½Π΅. Π Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠ·Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ
For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version).ABSTRACT The article deals with the features of the transition zone from the ballast under-sleeper base to the bridge structure with various types of span structures, as well as the sections of the ballastless track, conjugated with the transient zone. An analytical model is proposed for describing the dynamic behavior of a railway track in the form of a transversely isotropic plate with variable rigidity parameters. Examples of the use of the proposed model for calculating the dynamic depression of a roadbed under the influence of a rolling stock with different freight and speed characteristics are given. Keywords: railway, bridge, roadbed, residual deformation, variable rigidity section, track depression, slope, elastic wave, track profile, transversal-isotropic plate.Π’Π΅ΠΊΡΡ Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π». ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π». ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»Π΅ ΠΠΠ€ (Π°Π½Π³Π». Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ).Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ Ρ Π±Π°Π»Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΆΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·Π±Π°Π»Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
Deformation analysis based on GNSS measurements in Tashkent region
This paper presents the results of the GNSS geodetic network deformation analysis in the Tashkent region, as an example of an urban area, where obtaining reliable information for assessing hazard risk is of great importance. A software package in Delphi language has been developed for the assessment of the datum differences between 2009 and 2011 by implementing the 3D Helmert transformation method. The result revealed that there is significant translation and rotation in the network, while the scale of the network remains almost constant during two years period. The area strain was estimated by the finite element method. Most of the Tashkent region can be considered to be in a high compression (negative dilatation) strain state with maximum value -230cl0-8. On the contrary, remarkable positive dilatation strain is concentrated on the coastline of the Charvak water reservoir, where large strain is about 351.l0-8
Analytical methods for lignocellulosic biomass structural polysaccharides
The use of lignocellulosic biomass has been postulated as a potential pathway toward diminishing global dependence on nonrenewable sources of chemicals and fuels. Before a specific feedstock can be selected for biochemical conversion into biofuels and bio-based chemicals, it must first be characterized to evaluate the chemical composition of the cell walls. Polysaccharides, specifically cellulose and hemicellulose, are often the focal point of these appraisals, since these constituents are the dominant substrates converted into monomeric sugars like glucose and xylose. These monosaccharides can be transformed, using microorganisms like yeast, into substances such as ethanol. Plant species containing abundant polysaccharides are highly desirable, as higher quantities of sugars should translate into larger end-product yields. Given the vast pool of potential feedstocks, qualitative and quantitative analytical methods are needed to assess cell wall polysaccharides. Many of these tools, such as wet chemical and chromatographic techniques, have been ubiquitously used for some time. Shortcomings in these analyses, however, prevent their usage in screening large sample sets for quintessential, high-yield, fuel-producing traits. This chapter briefly summarizes how analytical spectroscopy can lessen some of these limitations and how it has been utilized for polysaccharide analysis